The present work has grown out of part of my 1992 University of California at Berkeley Ph.D. dissertation entitled “Ritual Dynamic Structure: Systems Theory and Ritual Syntax Applied to Selected Ancient Israelite, Babylonian and Hittite Festival Days.” During my dissertation research regarding the Day of Atonement, I discovered key evidence pointing to two major phases of sacrificial purgation (piʿel of כפר) for each expiable sin, both of which are accomplished through חטאת sacrifices. The first